CONTEMPORARY USE OF PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHS AND LINEAR, COMPUTED, AND CONE-BEAM TOMOGRAPHY IN DENTISTRY: INDICATIONS, APPLICATIONS, AND DIGITAL PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

The evolution of diagnostic imaging methods has profoundly changed contemporary dentistry, particularly in Implant Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Orthodontics, Endodontics, and Dental Radiology. Panoramic radiography remains na important initial imaging modality because of its broad anatomical coverage, accessibility, and ability to provide na overview of the maxillomandibular complex. At the same time, tomographic techniques have evolved from linear tomography to medical computed tomography and, subsequently, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), enabling three-dimensional assessment of maxillofacial structures. This narrative review discusses the contemporary use of these imaging modalities, addressing their characteristics, indications, advantages, limitations, and clinical applications. Particular attention is given to justification and optimization of radiation exposure, field-of-view selection, spatial resolution, and the integration of CBCT into digital implant planning workflows. Applications in conventional, short, tilted, zygomatic, and pterygoid implants, as well as static guided surgery, dynamic navigation, and the integration of DICOM and STL files, are also discussed. Imaging modalities should not be regarded as competing technologies but as complementary diagnostic tools whose indication must be based on the specific clinical question.